Hem showed significant divergences from other species. The ability to adhere to gastrointestinal mucosa is an important property of most probiotics [21,22]. Several proteins encoded by P. pentosaceus LI05 genes had predicted adhesive potentials (Table 3). For example, sortase attaches surface proteins, including enzymes, pilins and adhesion-mediating large surface glycoproteins, to cell walls. Other proteins included a pilin-like competence protein ComGC, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), an enolase capable of binding to host extracellular fibronectin and the pilus biosynthesis protein HicB. Abundant adhesion proteins encoded by the genomic regions were consistent with the strong adhesion properties of P. pentosaceus LI05. However, these proteins have also been predicted in the other tested strains. These findings may represent a possible reason for the extensive colonization of P. pentosaceus in the gut. However, the examinations of many more genes or proteins may be required to evaluate the adhesive abilities of probiotics. The P. pentosaceus LI05 genes also encoded three antimicrobials, which is consistent with the excellent antimicrobial ability of this strain. As shown in Table 3, genes encoding prebacteriocin were annotated in the genomes of both P. pentosaceus LI05 and P. pentosaceus ATCC 25745. Alternatively, the pedA gene (PCPN_1274) encoding pediocin PA-1 was detected in P. pentosaceus IE-3, but it was not identical to the prebacteriocin gene of P. pentosaceus LI05. Furthermore, genes encoding colicin V, which is a peptide antibiotic that kills sensitive cells by disrupting their membrane potentials [23], were found in these four P. pentosaceus strains. However, theLv et al. Gut Pathogens 2014, 6:36 http://www.gutpathogens.com/content/6/1/Page 4 ofA64 49 99 67 89 64P. pentosaceus ATCC 25745 (NR_075052.1)P. pentosaceus IE-3 (CAHU01000036.1) P. pentosaceus LI05 (CGMCC 7049) (AM709786) P. pentosaceus SL4 (CP006854.1) P. pentosaceus DSM 20336T(AJ305321) P. acidilactici DSM 20284 T (AJ305320) T P. stilesii LMG23082 (AJ973157) P. argentinicus LMG 23999 T (AM709786) P. claussenii DSM14800 T (AJ621555)P. parvulus JCM5889 T (D88528)P. inopinatus DSM 20285 T (AJ271383) P. damnosus DSM 20331T (AJ318414)71 57P. ethanolidurans Z-9 T (AY956789) P. cellicola Z-8 T (AY956788) P. siamensis MCH3-2 T (AB258357)0.BP. pentosaceus LI05 (CGMCC 7049) P. pentosaceus IE-3 P. pentosaceus ATCC 25745 P. pentosaceus SL0.Figure 1 The position of P. pentosaceus LI05 relative to the representative strains and the evolutionary relationships of the CapivasertibCapivasertib Abstract(s)">PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989806 position of P. pentosaceus LI05 relative to the representative strains. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method based on alignments of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Corresponding NCBI accession numbers are shown in parentheses. Numbers at the nodes indicate support values obtained from 1,000 bootstrap replications. B. Phylogenetic tree highlighting the evolutionary relationships of the four strains of P. pentosaceus based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of the dnaA, dnaJ, dnaK, pheS, pryH, recA, recH, tuF, gryB and rplB genes.Table 1 Genomic nucleotide content and gene countsAttribute Size (bp) G + C content (bp) Coding region (bp) Total genes RNA genes Protein-coding genes Genes assigned to COGs Genes with signal peptides Genes with transmembrane helicesa)Genome (total) Value 1,751,578 653,105 1,457,159 1,638 53 1,555 1,321 29 492 3.24.