E usefulness of the administration of carboplatin to HD patients has been documented in previous reports, in which the dose was calculated by the Calvert formula, assuming the GFR to be zero. While the dose reduction of 5-FU may not be recommended in previous studies, the metabolites of 5FU such as ammonia, fluoroacetate, and FBAL can be accumulated in HD patients, indicating the need for the reassessment of the optimal dose of 5-FU in HD patients. Although treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors at the same dose as in normal subjects is often feasible in HD patients, it should be kept in mind that HD patients might be more susceptible to adverse effects due to underlying risk factors. The data are limited, mostly consisting of single case studies that have examined different chemotherapy protocols. Future studies employing the same regimen for larger patient populations are warranted. The accumulation of studies will lead to the establishment of optimal therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from cancer and kidney disease.Competing interests MY is on the advisory board of Astellas and receives research grants from Astellas, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), Daiichi Sankyo, Fujiyakuhin, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, MSD, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Torii. Authors' contributions All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Our department is supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B 26293202 to MY, C 25461221 to TM, Houga 26670430 to MY) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), a CREST award from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (to MY), a grant from the Japanese Association of Dialysis Physicians (JADP Grant 2014-11 to TM), a grant from the Kidney Foundation of Japan (JKF14-2 to TM), and Integration Research for Agriculture and Interdisciplinary Fields from the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (to MY). Author details 1 Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. 2Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Received: 7 February 2016 Accepted: 6 MayConclusions Since a growing number of patients with ESRD are developing cancer, it is essential to establish evidencebased recommendations for cancer screening and anticancer treatment in the ESRD population. This reviewReferences 1. Kitai Y, Matsubara T, Yanagita M. Onco-nephrology: current concepts and future perspectives. JCapivasertibCapivasertib Abstract(s)">PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6833145 (2016) 2:Page 8 of2. 3. 4.5.6. 7.8.9. 10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. 18.19. 20.21. 22.23.24. 25. 26. 27.Berns JS, Rosner MH. Onco-nephrology: what the nephrologist needs to know about cancer and the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1691. Cosmai L, Porta C, Gallieni M, Perazella MA. Onco-nephrology: a decalogue. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31:515?9. Buccianti G, Maisonneuve P, Ravasi B, Cresseri D, Locatelli F, Boyle P. Cancer among patients on renal replacement therapy: a population-based survey in Lombardy, Italy. Int J Cancer. 1996;66:591?. Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Gellert R, Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Lowenfels AB, et al. Cancer in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: an international collaborative study. Lancet. 1999;354:93?. Chertow GM, Paltiel AD, Owen WF, Lazarus JM. Cost-effectiveness of cancer screening in end-stage renal disease.